Erythropoiesis is the process by which red blood cells or known as erythrocytes are produced.
The human body generates 2.5 billion red cells a day on average. Erythrocytes are made up of a complex line of cells, and their development rate is carefully regulated to ensure that enough red blood cells are generated without going overboard.
The erythropoiesis begins from pluripotential stem cells which produce progenitor colony forming cells (BFU-E, CFU-E). Then progenitor cells will differentiate into erythroblast precursors as shown in the picture below. The common myeloid progenitor cells become fully mature red blood cells involves several stages.
Factors Affecting Erythropoiesis
The normal RBC count in human body must in normal count. If the count rises human blood viscosity may increase and it will may impede the blood flow. if the count fall this will affect the oxygen that supply from our lung to the tissue. There is several factors that affect the erythropoiesis. 1. Tissue Oxygenation
2. Vitamins
3. Metals
4. Proteins
5. Hormones
Tissue oxygenation is the most important regulator in erythropoiesis. If the conditions decrease the tissue oxygenation like anemia and blood cell destruction, our production of red blood cell will increases. As an example, at high altitudes, partial pressure of oxygen in air less it resulting decrease in oxygen transport to tissues. The tissue will hypoxia. So the solution for our body is to receive enough oxygen by increasing the production of white blood cells.
One of the stimulants of the erythropoietin production is the renal mechanism and non renal mechanism. As an example of the renal mechanism, when the anemic blood reach the kidney it will detect that less oxygen supply to the tissue. The renal tubular cells need high oxygen consuming so it will stimulates the production of erythropoietin. For the non renal mechanism it doesn't need the renal sensor to detect the oxygen supplied.
The formation of erythropoietin need the erythrogenin which is renal erythropoitic factor. Next is erythropoitinogen which is the alpha globulin and the substrate for erythropoiten. The hypoxia tissue, cAMP, NAD and Hemosylates is the stimulant that stimulate the production of erythropoietin.
Next is vitamin. Vitamin B12 & Folic acid is the factor that affect the erythropoiesis.
It was essential for formation of thymidine triphosphate and building block of DNA. Vitamin C
will potentiate the effect of Folic acid and also helpful in iron for absorption and reducing Ferric to ferrous form. While the pyridoxine is the coenzyme for condensation of Glycine and succinyl-CoA. Riboflavin and Pantothenic acid will help in heme formation and cell growth and division.
Mineral also affect the regulation of erythropoiesis. The iron and copper is the ceruloplasmin
and it was necessary for iron transfer from storage sites which is the bone marrow, liver and spleen. The cobalt also form a part of vitamin B12.
Hormone is one of the factor that effect that regulate the the erythropoiesis. These are the several hormone that affect the erythropoiesis:
1.Testosterone
2.Growth hormone
3.Thyroid hormone
4.Cortisol
5.Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
There are others conditions that stimulating the erythropoiesis such as:
1.Exercise
2.Excitement
3.Menstruation
4.Pregnancy
5.Menopaus
References
Martinez, K. (2020). Erythropoietin: Everything you need to know. MedicalNewsToday.
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